Aportes del ecocardiograma y las técnicas de deformación miocárdica en la amiloidosis cardíaca: bases de la técnica y hallazgos de utilidad diagnóstica / Contributions of echocardiography and myocardial deformation techniques in cardiac amyloidosis: basis of the technique and diagnostically useful findings / Contribuições da ecocardiografia e das técnicas de deformação miocárdica na amiloidose cardíaca: base da técnica e resultados diagnosticamente úteis

La amiloidosis cardíaca es una miocardiopatía restrictiva infiltrativa secundaria al depósito extracelular de amiloide. Las diferentes técnicas de imagen cardíaca permiten la evaluación de forma no invasiva. El ecocardiograma juega un rol central en la evaluación diagnóstica, pronóstica y ayuda a guiar el tratamiento. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es describir las diferentes herramientas que nos brinda la ecocardiografía, poniendo énfasis en el strain por speckle tracking y describir su rol en el diagnóstico de esta patología.

Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathy secondary to extracellular amyloid deposition. Different cardiac imaging techniques allow noninvasive evaluation. Echocardiography plays a central role in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation and helps to guide treatment. The aim of this review is to describe the different tools provided by echocardiography, with emphasis on speckle tracking strain and to describe its role in the diagnosis of this pathology.

A amiloidose cardíaca é uma cardiomiopatia restritiva infiltrativa secundária ao depósito de amiloide extracelular. Diferentes técnicas de imagem cardíaca permitem fazer uma análise não invasiva. A ecocardiografia desempenha um papel central no diagnóstico e na avaliação prognóstica e ajuda a orientar o tratamento. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é descrever as diferentes ferramentas proporcionadas pela ecocardiografia, com ênfase no strain por speckle tracking, e descrever o seu papel no diagnóstico desta patologia.

Trabalho Miocárdio: uma revisão sistemática do novo método de ecocardiografia e aplicações clínicas / Myocardial Work: a systematic review of novel echocardiography method and clinical applications

Fundamento: O trabalho miocárdico (MW) é uma nova modalidade de imagem que surgiu como uma forma potencial de avaliação da função ventricular esquerda (VE) em vários cenários clínicos. Ele calcula curvas de tensão de ecocardiografia de rastreamento de manchas (STE) com uma curva de pressão LV estimada utilizando curvas padrão de pressão arterial braquial de forma não invasiva. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi fornecer um resumo do conhecimento atual da MW não invasiva e suas aplicações clínicas, incluindo insuficiência cardíaca (IC), doença arterial coronariana (DAC), cardiomiopatia (CMP) e hipertensão (HTN). Além disso, são discutidas as limitações e recomendações da MW na prática clínica. Métodos: Pesquisamos no banco de dados online PubMed para nossa coleta de dados. Usamos as seguintes palavras-chave; (trabalho construtivo do miocárdio) OU (trabalho septal desperdiçado)) OU (trabalho miocárdico global)) OU (trabalho miocárdico)) OU (trabalho construtivo do miocárdio) OU (ecocardiografia nova). Revisamos ainda doze estudos com leitura de texto completo e incluídos nesta revisão sistemática. Resultados: Embora os índices de MW, particularmente GWI e GCW, tenham mostrado uma boa correlação com FE e parâmetros de deformação, a oportunidade de oferecer informações incrementais que não são afetadas pelas condições de carga tornou a aplicação de MW particularmente útil em uma variedade de configurações clínicas. Conclusão: Comparado ao FE e GLS, o MW é um teste promissor com maior sensibilidade e acurácia na identificação de indivíduos com doença cardiovascular. Os médicos também devem depender dos sintomas e dos achados do ECG até que uma extensa pesquisa multicêntrica validando essa estratégia seja feita para estabelecer o valor incremental da MW na avaliação ecocardiográfica diária. (AU)

Background: Myocardial work (MW) is a novel imaging modality that has emerged as a potential left ventricular (LV) function assessment in various clinical settings. MW calculates speckle-tracking echocardiography strain curves with an estimated LV pressure curve by non-invasively utilizing standard brachial blood pressure curves. Objective: This study aimed to provide a summary of current knowledge of non-invasive MW and its clinical applications, including in heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. In addition, the limitations, and recommendations of MW in clinical practice are discussed. Methods: We searched the PubMed database using the following keywords: (myocardial constructive work) OR (wasted septal work) OR (global myocardial work) OR (myocardial work) OR (myocardial constructive work) OR (novel echocardiography). We further subjected 12 studies to full-text review and included them in this systematic review. Results: While MW indices, particularly global work index and global constructed work, have shown good correlations with ejection fraction (EF) and strain parameters, the opportunity of offering incremental information that is unaffected by loading conditions has made MW application particularly useful in a variety of clinical settings. Conclusion: Compared to EF and global longitudinal strain, MW is a promising test with higher sensitivity and accuracy for identifying individuals with cardiovascular disease. Clinicians should also evaluate symptoms and electrocardiographic findings until extensive multicenter studies validating this strategy are performed to establish the incremental value of MW in daily echocardiographic assessments.(AU)

Correlación de sincronía de la contracción del ventrículo izquierdo con función sisto-diastólica, masa y excentricidad en diversas afecciones cardíacas mediante un software comercial dedicado de SPECT gatillado / Gated Spect evaluation of ventricular systolic synchrony: correlation with ventricular mass and excentricity in different forms of cardiac disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: Actualmente, hay nuevas herramientas de software disponibles para medir la sincronía de la contracción intraventricular izquierda mediante SPECT de perfusión miocárdica. Esta técnica permite identificar anomalías de la conducción, apoyar la terapia de resincronización en insuficiencia cardíaca refractaria e incluso la detección precoz de isquemia. OBJETIVO: Conocer la correlación de la sincronía de contracción con otros parámetros de disfunción sisto-diastólica ventricular izquierda. MÉTODO: Estudiamos 135 pacientes remitidos para pesquisa o evaluación de enfermedad coronaria conocida mediante SPECT gatillado. La evaluación de la interpretación inicial con programas QPS/QGS® visual y cuantitativo se efectuó a 50 casos con defectos de perfusión transitoria de diversos tamaños (isquemia), 25 de tipo fijo o mixto (infarto) y 60 sin ellos (normal). Los volúmenes telesistólicos oscilaron entre 26 y 458 mL. Se excluyeron casos con arritmias, anomalías de conducción y artefactos (actividad o movimiento extracardiaco). Los SPECT se procesaron retrospectivamente utilizando el programa Emory Synctool®. Del histograma de sincronía de la contracción, el ancho de banda (BW) y la desviación estándar (SD) se correlacionaron con la fracción de eyección (FEVI), volúmenes y excentricidades sistólico / diastólico, masa ventricular izquierda, tasa máxima de llenado (PFR) y tiempo al máximo de llenado (TPFR). RESULTADOS: Los BW y SD del histograma de fase de contracción fueron mayores en el grupo con defectos fijos y mixtos en comparación con los con perfusión normal. Las correlaciones en reposo y post estrés (Spearman) entre SD y BW con FEVI, volúmenes, excentricidad y masa fueron significativas (p <0,0002) salvo TPFR que no fue significativa. CONCLUSIÓN: La sincronía de contracción intraventricular sistólica izquierda medida con SPECT se correlaciona excelentemente con los parámetros funcionales sistólicos y diastólicos, así como con masa y excentricidad en diversas condiciones y tamaños cardíacos.

INTRODUCTION: New software tools are available to measure left intraventricular contraction synchrony by myocardial perfusion SPECT. This technique allows identification of conduction abnormalities, support resynchronization therapy in refractory heart failure and even allows early detection of myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of systolic synchrony with other parameters of left ventricular systolic-diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 135 patients referred for screening or known coronary artery disease evaluation by triggered SPECT. Evaluation of the initial interpretation with visual and quantitative QPS/QGS® programs was performed in 50 patients with transient perfusion defects of various sizes (ischemia), 25 of fixed or mixed type (infarction) and 60 without abnormalities. Telesystolic volumes ranged from 26 to 458 mL. Cases with arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities and artifacts (extracardiac activity or motion) were excluded. SPECT scans were retrospectively processed using the Emory Synctool® software. Histograms of systolic contraction synchrony bandwidth (BW) and standard deviation (SD) were correlated with ejection fraction (LVEF), systolic/diastolic volumes and eccentricities, left ventricular mass, peak filling rate (PFR) and time to maximum filling (TPFR). RESULTS: BW and SD of the contraction pase histogram were higher in the fixed and mixed defect group compared to studies showing normal perfusion. Spearman correlations at rest and poststress between SD and BW with LVEF, volumes, eccentricity and mass were all significant (p<0.0002) except for TPFR. CONCLUSION: Left systolic intraventricular contraction synchrony measured with SPECT presents an excellent correlation with systolic and diastolic functional parameters, as well as with mass and eccentricity in various cardiac conditions and ventricular dimensions.

Cuando no todo es lo que parece_: masa extracardíaca en la aurícula izquierda: reporte de un caso en Uruguay / When not everything is what it seems_: extra-cardiac mass in the left atrium: a case report in Uruguay / Quando nem tudo é o que parece_: massa extracardíaca em átrio esquerdo: relato de um caso no Uruguai

La hernia hiatal es una entidad relativamente frecuente y puede ser un hallazgo incidental en un estudio ecocardiográfico. Describimos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de masa en la aurícula izquierda (AI) sin clara etiología, a quien se le realiza el diagnóstico de hernia hiatal por resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) y luego se demuestra mediante ecocardiografía de contraste el contenido gástrico de la masa tras la ingestión de una bebida carbonatada, lo que permite de forma rápida y sencilla aclarar el diagnóstico.

Hiatal hernia is a relatively common entity, and may be an incidental finding in an echocardiographic study. We describe the case of a patient with a diagnosis of a mass in the left atrium with no clear etiology, in whom the diagnosis of hiatal hernia is made by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and then demonstrated by contrast echocardiography the gastric content of the mass after the ingestion of a carbonated drink, which allows quickly and easily to clarify the diagnosis.

A hérnia de hiato é uma entidade relativamente comum, e pode ser um achado incidental em um estudo ecocardiográfico. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente com diagnóstico de massa em átrio esquerdo sem etiologia definida, em que o diagnóstico de hérnia de hiato é feito por ressonância magnética cardíaca e posteriormente demonstrado por ecocardiografia contrastada com uma bebida gaseificada, permitindo esclarecer de forma rápida e fácil o diagnóstico.

Giant left atrium associated with massive thrombus formation 14 years after orthotopic heart transplantation

Abstract We report the case of a 60-year-old patient who underwent orthotopic heart transplant 14 years earlier. Routine echocardiography showed giant masses in the left atrium. There were no symptoms or thromboembolic events in the past. Magnetic resonance imaging study revealed very enlarged left atrium (8.7 × 10.6 cm) occupied by irregular smooth mass (7 × 5 × 6.1 cm) with a stalk that was attached to the posterior left atrial wall in the area of graft suture lines. Intraoperative examination revealed a massive thrombus (12 × 10 cm) that filled almost the entire left atrial area.

Unusual hydatid cysts: cardiac and pelvic-ilio femoral hydatid cyst case reports and literature review

Abstract Introduction: Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, most commonly seen in the liver and lungs. The hydatid cyst is rarely seen in the heart and iliofemoral region, representing less than 2% of all cases. In this article, we report our cases of hydatid cysts in unusual loci. Methods: Between 2015 and 2018, 6 rare cases of hydatid cysts were diagnosed at the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Harran University. Four of these patients had cardiac localization and two patients had their cysts located in the iliofemoral region, extending to the pelvic zone. All patients were female. Three patients had no other organ involvement. One patient with cardiac hydatid cyst underwent normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass + total pericystectomy + Cooley-like aneurysmectomy. Total pericystectomy was performed in three other patients with intrathoracic locus by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Two patients who were referred to our clinic with palpable iliofemoral mass were evaluated with appropriate imaging methods and diagnosed accordingly. Multiple iliofemoral cysts were managed with pericystectomy and drainage by a single incision made over the inguinal ligament. Conclusion: Hydatid cyst disease can develop in cardiac chambers and inguinal region with or without hepatic or pneumatic involvement. Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass can be safely used in patients with cardiac hydatid cysts, and capitonnage similar to ventricular aneurysm repair in patients with a widely involved cystic lesion can be very useful for the protection of ventricular functions.

Análisis de los resultados del programa de ecocardiografía funcional neonatal en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Analysis of the results of the neonatal functional echocardiography program in a third-level pediatric hospital

Resumen Introducción: Se ha demostrado la utilidad del estudio ecocardiográfico en las enfermedades que afectan a los neonatos en estado crítico, por lo que se debe capacitar al neonatólogo para la toma y la interpretación de variables hemodinámicas que apoyen la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados del programa de ecocardiografía funcional neonatal y comparar las variables clínicas y hemodinámicas entre sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes. Métodos: Durante un periodo de 2 años se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo en neonatos que fueron evaluados con ecocardiografía funcional neonatal por alteraciones hemodinámicas del conducto arterioso persistente, hipertensión pulmonar aguda y crónica, estado de choque y búsqueda de trombos y vegetaciones. Se evaluaron parámetros de funcionalidad de los ventrículos derecho e izquierdo, presión pulmonar y subrogados de sobrecarga pulmonar. Se realizó un análisis comparativo (U de Mann Whitney y Χ2). De acuerdo con los resultados, se emitieron recomendaciones para el inicio, el ajuste o el retiro de fármacos vasoactivos. Resultados: Se realizaron 269 estudios en 119 neonatos (64.7% prematuros, mortalidad del 15%) atendidos por hipertensión pulmonar aguda (38%), conducto arterioso persistente (27%), choque (19%), hipertensión pulmonar crónica (14%) o búsqueda de trombos (2%). Se recomendó cambiar el manejo en el 45% de los estudios. El grupo de no sobrevivientes presentó diferencias significativas en los parámetros de función sistólica del ventrículo derecho y aumento de su poscarga. Conclusiones: La causa principal de la evaluación con ecocardiografía funcional neonatal fue la hipertensión pulmonar. De forma global, se recomendó un ajuste farmacológico en el 45% de los casos.

Abstract Background: Echocardiography is useful in the group of comorbidities of critically ill newborns. The targeted neonatal echocardiography program trains neonatologists for acquiring and interpreting hemodynamic variables to support decision making. This study aimed to describe the results of the functional echocardiography program (fNE) and compare clinical and hemodynamic variables between survivors and non-survivors. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and comparative study of neonates that received a fNE evaluation for hemodynamic disturbances related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension (aPH, cPH), state of shock and thrombus/vegetations surveillance for two years. Functional parameters of the right and left ventricle, pulmonary pressure, and surrogates of pulmonary over circulation were assessed. Comparative analysis with U Mann Whitney test and Χ2 was performed. Based on the results, recommendations to start, adjust, or withdraw vasoactive medications were issued. Results: Of 269 studies on 119 neonates (65% premature, 15% mortality), the reasons for consultation were aPH (38%), PDA (27%), shock (19%), cPH (14%), and thrombus surveillance (2%). A change in management was recommended on 45% of studies. Non-survivors presented significant differences in the right ventricular (RV) systolic performance and an increased right ventricular afterload. Conclusions: The main indication for fNE was pulmonary hypertension. A pharmacological adjustment was recommended on 45% of the cases.

Prevalência de nefropatia induzida por contraste em pacientes cardíacos de um setor de hemodinâmica / Prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy in cardiac patients in a hemodynamic sector / Prevalencia de nefropatía inducida por contraste en pacientes cardíacos de un sector de hemodinámica

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da nefropatia induzida por contraste em pacientes cardiopatas submetidos a procedimentos angiográficos de diagnóstico e/ou tratamento. Método: Estudo prospectivo, quantitativo, realizado no setor de hemodinâmica de um hospital de grande porte, situado na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por 79 participantes através do cálculo de tamanho amostral. Resultados: A amostra foi formada por 52 (65,8%) homens e 27 (34,2%) mulheres. A idade média foi de 65,9 ± 9,52 anos. A incidência de nefropatia induzida por contraste foi de 30,38%, totalizando 24 pacientes. Conclusão: Foi evidenciada uma alta prevalência de nefropatia por contraste, apesar dos pacientes apresentarem poucos fatores de risco, o que ressalta a necessidade de medidas preventivas e redução do volume de contraste

Objective: To determine the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy in cardiac patients undergoing diagnostic and / or treatment angiographic procedures. Method: A prospective, quantitative study in the hemodynamics sector of a large hospital, located in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The sample consisted of 79 participants through the calculation of sample size. Results: The sample consisted of 52 (65.8%) men and 27 (34.2%) women. The mean age was 65.9 ± 9.52 years. The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy was 30,38%, totaling 24 patients. Conclusion: A high prevalence of contrast nephropathy was evidenced, despite the fact that patients presented few risk factors, which highlights the need for preventive measures and reduction of contrast volume

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la nefropatía inducida por contraste en pacientes cardiopatas sometidos a procedimientos angiográficos de diagnóstico y / o tratamiento. Método: Estudio prospectivo, cuantitativo, realizado en el sector de hemodinámica de un hospital de gran porte, situado en la región norte de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La muestra fue constituida por 79 participantes a través del cálculo de tamaño muestral. Resultados: La muestra fue formada por 52 (65,8%) hombres y 27 (34,2%) mujeres. La edad media fue de 65,9 ± 9,52 años. La incidencia de nefropatía inducida por contraste fue del 30,38%, totalizando 24 pacientes. Conclusión: Se evidenció una alta prevalencia de nefropatía por contraste, a pesar de que los pacientes presentaban pocos factores de riesgo, lo que resalta la necesidad de medidas preventivas y reducción del volumen de contraste

A review on cardiac positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of cardivascular diseases / 生物医学工程学杂志

There are various examination methods for cardiovascular diseases. Non-invasive diagnosis and prognostic information acquisition are the current research hotspots of related imaging examinations. Positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new advanced fusion imaging technology that combines the molecular imaging of PET with the soft tissue contrast function of MRI to achieve their complementary advantages. This article briefly introduces several major aspects of cardiac PET/MRI in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, ischemic cardiomyopathy, nodular heart disease, and myocardial amyloidosis, in order to promote cardiac PET/MRI to be more widely used in precision medicine in this field.

Estado actual y perspectivas de la imagen molecular PET en México / Current status and perspectives of PET molecular imaging in Mexico

Resumen La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) es una técnica de diagnóstico médico mediante la cual se obtienen imágenes funcionales a partir de registrar la biodistribución espacio-temporal de radiofármacos específicos dirigidos a blancos moleculares específicos, proveyendo información bioquímica a nivel molecular. A principios de la primera década de este siglo XXI, la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México implementó esta técnica de diagnóstico en México, convirtiéndose en pionera en aplicaciones PET en el país y Latinoamérica. Casi dos décadas después, la PET se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial en la clínica médica. En este artículo se describen los antecedentes, el estado actual, las perspectivas de la imagen molecular PET en México y el impacto que ha tenido en el manejo de pacientes con enfermedades oncológicas, neurológicas y cardiológicas.

Abstract Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a medical diagnostic technique by means of which functional images are obtained by recording the spatio-temporal biodistribution of specific radiopharmaceuticals targeted at specific molecular objectives, which provides biochemical information at the molecular level. Early in the first decade of this 21st century, the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico acquired the technology to implement this diagnostic technique in Mexico, thus becoming a pioneer in PET applications in the country and in Latin America. Almost two decades after its implementation in Mexico, PET has become an essential tool in medical clinics. This article describes the background, current state and perspectives of PET molecular imaging in Mexico, and the impact it has had on the management of patients with oncological, neurological and heart diseases.

Avances, tendencias y controversias en hemodinamia pediátrica / Advances, trends, and controversies in pediatric hemodynamics

El cateterismo cardíaco en niños ha mostrado un avance significativo en las últimas décadas, transformándose de un procedimiento casi exclusivamente diagnóstico en sus inicios a un método predominantemente terapéutico en la actualidad. Para ello han contribuido la aparición de múltiples tecnologías de imágenes, así como el creciente desarrollo de materiales de muy bajo perfil y gran versatilidad que permiten el empleo de dispositivos cada vez más específicos para tratar adecuadamente un sinnúmero de enfermedades cardíacas con gran eficacia y seguridad. Esta tendencia continúa creciendo día a día, con la ayuda de nuevas modalidades de tratamiento híbrido donde cardiólogos intervencionistas y cirujanos cardiovasculares interactúan para ayudarse mutuamente, de manera tal de resolver los problemas existentes o aquellos que se van generando con el correr de los años y que afectan la vida de nuestros pacientes. Existen aún como es lógico controversias en algunos casos especiales, que se irán resolviendo paulatinamente en base a la evidencia reunida con las diferentes terapéuticas médicas utilizadas para mejorar el presente y futuro de los niños con cardiopatías (AU)

Cardiac catheterization in children has shown significant progress in recent decades, transforming from an initially almost exclusively diagnostic procedure to a predominantly therapeutic method today. The emergence of multiple imaging technologies has contributed to this progress, as has the growing development of very low-profile and highly versatile materials that allow the use of increasingly specific devices to adequately treat different types of heart disease with great efficacy and safety. This trend continues to grow day by day, with the help of new hybrid treatment modalities where interventional cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons interact with mutual support, in order to solve existing problems or those that are generated over the years affecting the lives of our patients. Obviously, there are still controversies in specific cases, which will gradually be resolved based on the evidence that becomes available with the use of different medical therapies used to improve the present and future of children with heart disease.(AU)

Hidatidosis cardíaca: tratamiento quirúrgico para recidiva de quiste hidatídico en ventrículo izquierdo / Cardiac hydatid disease: surgical treatment for recurrent hydatid cyst in the left ventricle

INTRODUCCIÓN: El quiste hidatídico cardiaco es una patología infrecuente, producida por la llegada de Equinococcus granulosus a la circulación coronaria. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Hombre de 52 años, con antecedente de quiste hidatídico cardiaco operado hace 27 años, insuficiencia cardiaca y enfermedad coronaria. Presentó disnea progresiva de un año de evolución. Estudio con radiografía de tórax, ecocardiografía y tomografía computada que mostró imagen compatible con hidatidosis cardiaca recidivada en el ventrículo izquierdo, arteria pulmonar e hilio pulmonar izquierdo, rodeando por completo el tronco coronario común izquierdo y parte proximal de la arteria descendente anterior. Se constató fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo aproximadamente de 30%. No se encontró evidencia de enfermedad hidatídica extracardiaca. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico. Se abordó por esternotomía media y en circulación extracorpórea, se observaron lesiones compatibles con quiste hidatídico multiloculado de ubicación miocárdica en ventrículo izquierdo, con incontables vesículas hijas. Se realizó quistectomía más periquistectomía hidatídica sin incidentes. Presentó hemorragia postoperatoria por lo que requirió reintervención quirúrgica precoz. Evolucionó favorablemente y fue dado de alta sin complicaciones. A seis años de seguimiento se encuentra asintomático, sin evidencia tomográfica y ecocardiográfica de recidiva. DISCUSIÓN: La hidatidosis es una zoonosis endémica en Chile. La ubicación cardiaca es infrecuente, correspondiendo al 0,5 al 2% de los casos. Suele asociarse a la presencia de quistes extracardiacos. La ubicación más frecuente es la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo a nivel intramiocárdico. El tratamiento médico suele ser insuficiente, por lo que se recomienda la resección quirúrgica.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac hydatid cyst is a rare disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus arrival of the coronary circulation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 52 years old man with a history of cardiac hydatid cyst operated 27 years ago, heart failure and coronary artery disease. He presented with a history of one year of progressive dyspnoea. Study with chest radiography, echocardiography and computed tomography showed an image compatible with cardiac hydatid disease recurrence in relation to the left ventricle, pulmonary artery and anterior descending artery. Ejection fraction of the left ventricle was approximately 30%. No evidence of extracardiac hydatid disease was found and surgical treatment was decided. Addressed by median sternotomy and extracorporeal circulation, a multiloculated myocardial hydatid cyst, with hundreds of daughter vesicles of different size was found. Pericystectomy of the hydatid cyst was performed without incident. The patient presented postoperative bleeding which required early reoperation. Posteriorly, was discharged without complications. DISCUSSION: Hydatid disease is an endemic zoonosis in Chile. Heart location is infrecuent and correspond to 0.5 to 2% of the cases, usually associated with the presence of extracardiac cysts. The most common location is the free wall of the left ventricle at intramyocardial level. Medical treatment is often inadequate and surgical resection is recommended.

Protocolo ultrasonográfico enfocado en cirugía cardiaca posquirúrgica CCROSS (Cardiac, Cerebral, Renal, Optic nerve, lung ultraSound Study) / Ultrasonographic protocol focused on post cardiac surgery CCROSS (Cardiac, Cerebral, Renal, Optic nerve, lung ultraSound Study)

Resumen El uso de ecocardiografía enfocada es de gran utilidad en la valoración, tratamiento y seguimiento del paciente en estado crítico. Es, junto con la clínica y el estetoscopio, una herramienta que complementa el actuar del médico ante las diversas etiologías que determinan un estado de choque o aumentan la morbimortalidad, especialmente en pacientes posquirúrgicos de cirugía cardíaca, en quienes no se tiene algoritmos de manejo emergente en el posquirúrgico. Ante tal situación, en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez se ha realizado y propuesto un algoritmo de manejo en los pacientes posquirúrgicos cardíacos: mediante ultrasonografía enfocada, abarcando ecoscopia transtorácica, ultrasonido pulmonar, ultrasonido del nervio óptico y renal mediante la valoración de índices resistivos renales. Diversas sociedades han creado sus protocolos de abordaje en pacientes en estado crítico, por lo que en el Instituto, específicamente en la terapia intensiva cardiovascular, ha creado el protocolo CCROSS (Cardiac, Cerebral, Renal, Optic nerve, lung ultraSound Study) para el abordaje inicial de estos pacientes y se encuentra en marcha actualmente un estudio para su validación, reproducibilidad y eficacia.

Abstract The use of echocardiography is very useful in the evaluation, treatment and follow-up of the patient in critical condition. Along with clinic and the stethoscope, it is a tool that complements the act of the physician faced with the diversity of etiologies that determine the state of shock and increase morbidity and mortality, especially in post cardiac surgery patients, in whom there are no management emergency postsurgical algorithms. In view of this situation, at the National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, a management algorithm has been made and improved in cardiac postsurgical patients: through focused ultrasonography, including transthoracic echography, pulmonary ultrasound, optic nerve ultrasound, and renal ultrasound by evaluating renal resistive indices. Several societies have created their protocols for addressing patients in critical condition, so in the Institute, specifically in cardiovascular intensive therapy, has created the CCROSS protocol (Cardiac, Cerebral, Renal, Optic nerve, lung UltraSound Study) for the initial approach of these patients, and it is being carried out a study for its validation, reproducibility and efficacy.

Transesophageal echocardiography in perioperative period guiding the decision making during hemodynamic instability due to atrial fibrillation / Uso da ecocardiografia transesofágica no período perioperatório orientando a tomada de decisão durante a instabilidade hemodinâmica desencadeada por fibrilação atrial

Abstract Background and objective: Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, which may occur during the perioperative period and lead to hemodynamic instability due to loss of atrial systolic function. During atrial fibrillation management, electrical cardioversion is one of the therapeutic options in the presence of hemodynamic instability; however, it exposes the patient to thromboembolic event risks. Transesophageal echocardiography is a diagnostic tool for thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage with high sensitivity and specificity, allowing early and safe cardioversion. The present case describes the use of transesophageal echocardiography to exclude the presence of thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage in a patient undergoing non-cardiac surgery with atrial fibrillation of unknown duration and hemodynamic instability. Case report: Male patient, 74 years old, hypertensive, with scheduled abdominal surgery, who upon cardiac monitoring in the operating room showed atrial fibrillation undiagnosed in preoperative electrocardiogram, but hemodynamic stable. During surgery, the patient showed hemodynamic instability requiring norepinephrine at increasing doses, with no response to heart rate control. After the end of the surgery, transesophageal echocardiography was performed with a thorough evaluation of the left atrium and left atrial appendage and pulsed Doppler analysis of the left atrial appendage with mean velocity of 45 cm.s-1. Thrombus in the left atrium and left atrial appendage and other cardiac causes for hemodynamic instability were excluded. Therefore, electrical cardioversion was performed safely. After returning to sinus rhythm, the patient showed improvement in blood pressure levels, with noradrenaline discontinuation, extubation in the operating room, and admission to the intensive care unit. Conclusion: In addition to a tool for non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring, perioperative transesophageal echocardiography may be valuable in clinical decision making. In this report, transesophageal echocardiography allowed the performance of early and safely cardioversion, with reversal of hemodynamic instability, and without thromboembolic sequelae.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A fibrilação atrial é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum, pode ocorrer durante todo período perioperatório e gerar instabilidade hemodinâmica devido à perda da função sistólica atrial. No manejo da fibrilação atrial, a cardioversão elétrica é uma das opções terapêuticas quando há instabilidade hemodinâmica, entretanto expõe o paciente a risco de eventos tromboembólicos. A ecocardiografia transesofágica é uma ferramenta que diagnostica trombos no átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo com alta sensibilidade e especificidade e permite a cardioversão precoce e segura. O presente caso descreve o uso da ecocardiografia transesofágica para excluir a presença de trombos no átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo em um paciente submetido à cirurgia não cardíaca com fibrilação atrial de duração desconhecida e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Relato de caso: Paciente, masculino, 74 anos, hipertenso, com cirurgia abdominal programada, que à monitoração cardíaca em sala operatória apresentava ritmo de fibrilação atrial não documentada em eletrocardiograma pré-operatório, porém estável hemodinamicamente. Durante a cirurgia, apresentou instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de noradrenalina em doses crescentes, sem resposta ao controle de frequência cardíaca. Após o término da cirurgia, a ecocardiografia transesofágica foi feita com uma avaliação minuciosa do átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo e análise Doppler pulsado do apêndice atrial esquerdo com velocidade média de 45 cm.s-1. Foram excluídos trombo em átrio esquerdo e apêndice atrial esquerdo e outras causas cardíacas para instabilidade hemodinâmica. Dessa forma, foi feita cardioversão elétrica com segurança. Após retorno ao ritmo sinusal, o paciente apresentou melhoria dos níveis pressóricos com retirada da noradrenalina, extubação em sala operatória e transferência para unidade de terapia intensiva. Conclusão: Além de ferramenta para monitoração hemodinâmica pouco invasiva, a ecocardiografia transesofágica no perioperatório pode ser valiosa na tomada de decisões clínicas. Nesse relato, a ecocardiografia transesofágica permitiu que a cardioversão fosse feita precocemente e com segurança, revertendo o quadro de instabilidade hemodinâmica sem sequelas tromboembólicas.

Cardiovascular Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester's Disease: A Case Series / Manifestações Cardiovasculares da Doença de Erdheim-Chester: Uma série de Casos

Abstract Erdheim-Chester Disease is a rare entity, classified as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm, with an unknown incidence, occurring preferentially in men after 50 years of age. Classically, it has a multisystemic presentation, with the skeletal system being the most frequently affected (90% of the patients), followed by genitourinary involvement in 60% of cases and central nervous system in the pituitary and diabetes insipidus in 25% of the cases. Cardiovascular manifestations are present in more than half of the patients, with aortic infiltration and atrial pseudotumor being the most common forms.

Resumo A doença de Erdheim-Chester é uma entidade rara classificada como neoplasia mielóide inflamatória, com incidência desconhecida que ocorre preferencialmente em homens após os 50 anos de idade. Classicamente apresenta-se de forma multissistêmica, sendo sistema esquelético o mais frequentemente comprometido (90% dos pacientes), seguido do sistema geniturinário em 60% dos casos e sistema nervoso central em hipófise e diabetes insipidus em 25% dos casos. As manifestações cardiovasculares estão presentes em mais da metade dos pacientes, sendo a infiltração da aorta e o pseudotumor atrial as formas mais encontradas.

Light chain cardiac amyloidosis - a rare cause of heart failure in a young adult

SUMMARY Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy, resulting from amyloid deposition within the myocardium. In primary systemic (AL-type) amyloidosis, the amyloid protein is composed of light chains resulting from plasma-cell dyscrasia, and cardiac involvement occurs in up to 50% of the patients We present a case of a 43-year-old man, with complaints of periodical swollen tongue and xerostomia, bleeding gums and haematuria for two months. His blood results showed normocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and a high spontaneous INR, therefore he was referred to the Internal Medicine clinic. In the first visit, he showed signs and symptoms of overt congestive heart failure and was referred to the emergency department. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia and low voltage criteria. Echocardiography showed biventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction, restrictive physiology with elevated filling pressures, thickened interatrial septum and atrioventricular valves, small pericardial effusion and relative "apical sparing" on 2D longitudinal strain. Cardiac MRI showed diffuse subendocardial late enhancement. Serum protein electrophoresis was inconclusive, however urine analysis revealed nephrotic range proteinuria, positive Bence Jones protein and an immunofixation test with a monoclonal lambda protein band. Abdominal fat biopsy was negative for Congo red stain, nevertheless a bone marrow biopsy was performed, revealing lambda protein monoclonal plasmocytosis, confirming the diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis. This case represents a rare cause of heart failure in a young adult. Low-voltage QRS complexes and typical echocardiography features should raise the suspicion for cardiac amyloidosis. Prognosis is dictated by the level of cardiac involvement; therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.

RESUMO A amiloidose cardíaca corresponde a uma miocardiopatia infiltrativa, resultante do depósito da proteína amiloide no miocárdio. Na amiloidose sistêmica primária (tipo AL), a proteína amiloide é composta por cadeias leves que resultam de discrasia dos plasmócitos, havendo envolvimento cardíaco em até 50% dos doentes. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 43 anos, com queixas de edema periódico da língua e xerostomia, hemorragia gengival e hematúria há dois meses. Analiticamente havia a destacar anemia normocítica, trombocitopenia e um INR alto espontâneo, pelo que foi referenciado à consulta de Medicina Interna. Na primeira consulta, apresentou-se com sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva franca, pelo que foi referenciado ao Serviço de Urgência. O eletrocardiograma demonstrou taquicardia sinusal e critérios de baixa voltagem. O ecocardiograma revelou hipertrofia biventricular com fração de ejeção preservada, fisiologia restritiva com elevação das pressões de enchimento, espessamento do septo interauricular e das válvulas auriculoventriculares, derrame pericárdico ligeiro e padrão de apical sparing no strain longitudinal 2D. Realizou ainda ressonância magnética cardíaca, que mostrou realce tardio subendocárdico difuso. A eletroforese das proteínas foi inconclusiva, contudo a análise da urina revelou proteinúria no espectro nefrótico, presença de proteína de Bence Jones e um teste de imunofixação com uma banda monoclonal de cadeias lambda. A biópsia da gordura abdominal foi negativa. Não obstante, foi realizada uma biópsia da medula óssea, verificando-se plasmocitose monoclonal lambda, o que confirmou o diagnóstico de amiloidose primária sistêmica. Este caso representa uma causa rara de insuficiência cardíaca no jovem adulto. A baixa voltagem no eletrocardiograma e os achados ecocardiográficos típicos devem fazer suspeitar de amiloidose cardíaca. O prognóstico é ditado pelo nível de envolvimento cardíaco, motivo pelo qual o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoces são essenciais.